????? ????

百度可以看到，美国版车型都采用左右每边两个排气管，共四出的设计，大排量车就该是这样，气势十足。

????? ???? (????: ????? ???? ???????????) ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? – ?????? ???? ????? – ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????????. ????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ??-?????? ?????? ????, ??????????, ?????????????, ????, ????? ????? ???????.

????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????^[1]. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????.

????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??19, ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????????, ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????.

????????

?????? ???????

???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?-17, ?? ?? ???? ?-19 ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ????? 1827 ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??1831 ??? ?????? ?? ?'???? ???? ?????? ????? 1873 ???? ?? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?-1862. ???? 1882, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 110 ???? ?-59 ?????? ??????. ???? 1887, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????^[2].

????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ???-???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ?-19 ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 1882 ??????????? ???????? ??????????. ???? 1883 ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? 1885 ????? ??????? ??????? ???????^[3]. ?????????? ?????? ????? ?-1886 ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????, ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?-19 ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????????? ????????

???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ?-UHF ???? 1888, ???? ???? ??????? ??? (??????? spark-gap transmitter) ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? 1895, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???-????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ??-80 ?????????)^[4]. ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? 1897 ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????, ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?'?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 1904. ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????^[5].

???? 1920 ????? ????? ?. ??? (??') ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? 1946 ?? ??? ???? ?????^[6]^[7]. ???? 1934, ??? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? (??? ?? ???? ????? ????????). ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? 1936^[8]. ???? 1941 ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?-Z3, ????? ?????, ?? ??????, ?????? ?????^[9]. ???? 1946 ????? ?-ENIAC ?? ?'?? ????? ???? ??'?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????^[10].

????? ?????????? ???? 1947 ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ?'?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?'? ????? ???? 1958 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?-1959 ?? ??? ????? ????^[11]. ???? 1968 ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????-???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????-???? ??? ???? ?????? 4004, ???? 4 ??????, ????? ???? 1971. ????, ?? ???? 1973 ???? ?????? 8080, ???? ?? 8 ??????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?-Altair 8800^[12].

???? ??????

???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????.

???? 3 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????

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????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? CAD ??? ????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ???-?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (????? ?????? ?? ???, ???, ?????, ????????? ????? ????? ?????). ????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??'???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.

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?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????.

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????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???.

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????, ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ???????, ????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????.

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??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????. ?? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????.

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????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

????

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????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? DSP ??? ?????-?????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????. ????, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.

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?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???, ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????.

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???? ????? ???? ?????: ??? ??? ???????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (??????, ???? ???? ??? ?? 220 ???? AC ???? ??????, 12 ???? DC), ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????.

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????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.

????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ?????? ????, ??????? ????? MEMS ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????^[13].

????? ???-?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ?? ?????? ?????

?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????^[14]. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????^[15].

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????.

????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???^[16].

???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????????????.

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??????? ?????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? – ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ????, ?????? ??????? ??????.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? IEEE

??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????

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???? ?? ??, ???? ????? ????????????, ??????????? ?????? - (????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? "???? ?????" )

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???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???.(??????)
??????? ???????? ?? ????? IEEE ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????????
OpenCourseWare ?? MIT ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? MIT ?????? ?????.
????? ???? ??????????? ??-????
???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? "??????? ??????"
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????? ????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????

????? ??????

^ "What is the difference between electrical and electronic engineering?". FAQs - Studying Electrical Engineering. ???? ?-4 ??????? 2005. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Bruce J. Hunt, Pursuing Power and Light, JHU Press, 2010
^ "Welcome to ECE!". Cornell University - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. ???? ?-29 ?????? 2005. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Leland Anderson, "Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power", Sun Publishing Company, LC 92-60482, ISBN 0-9632652-0-2(ed. excerpts available online)
^ "History of Amateur Radio". What is Amateur Radio?. ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "Albert W. Hull (1880 - 1966)". IEEE History Center. ???? ?-22 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "Who Invented Microwaves?". ???? ?-22 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "Early Radar History". Peneley Radar Archives. ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-07. ???? ?-22 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "The Z3". ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-07. ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "The ENIAC Museum Online". ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "Electronics Timeline". Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century. ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "Computing History (1971 - 1975)". ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ "MEMS the world!". IntelliSense Software Corporation. ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-07. ???? ?-????? 17, 2005. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ ???? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
^ ??? ????, ????"?: ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????, 26 ?????? 2017
^ ?????? ????? ?????? - ???? ???? - ?????? ????, ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????

[1] "What is the difference between electrical and electronic engineering?". FAQs - Studying Electrical Engineering. ???? ?-4 ??????? 2005. {{cite web}}: (????)

[2] Bruce J. Hunt, Pursuing Power and Light, JHU Press, 2010

[3] "Welcome to ECE!". Cornell University - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. ???? ?-29 ?????? 2005. {{cite web}}: (????)

[4] Leland Anderson, "Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power", Sun Publishing Company, LC 92-60482, ISBN 0-9632652-0-2(ed. excerpts available online)

[5] "History of Amateur Radio". What is Amateur Radio?. ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[6] "Albert W. Hull (1880 - 1966)". IEEE History Center. ???? ?-22 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[7] "Who Invented Microwaves?". ???? ?-22 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[8] "Early Radar History". Peneley Radar Archives. ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-07. ???? ?-22 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[9] "The Z3". ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-07. ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[10] "The ENIAC Museum Online". ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[11] "Electronics Timeline". Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century. ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[12] "Computing History (1971 - 1975)". ???? ?-18 ?????? 2006. {{cite web}}: (????)

[13] "MEMS the world!". IntelliSense Software Corporation. ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-07. ???? ?-????? 17, 2005. {{cite web}}: (????)

[14] ???? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????

[15] ??? ????, ????"?: ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????, 26 ?????? 2017

[16] ?????? ????? ?????? - ???? ???? - ?????? ????, ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

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